شرط وجوبھا العقل والبلوغ واإلس لم والحریۃ وملک نصاب
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1 زکوۃ کے اہم مسائل ا ل ح م د ل لہ ل و الص لوۃ و الس ل م ع لی ر س و لل لللا االستفتاء: کیا فرماتے ہیں علمائے دین و مفتیا لن شرع م لتین اس مسئلہ کے بارے میں کہ زکوۃ کس پر واجب ہوتی ہے اس کی شرائط تفصیل سے بیان کردیجئے اور کن اموال پر زکوۃ واجب ہوتی ہے اور اگر سال کے دوران کچھ اور مال مل جائے تو کیا اس پر بھی زکوۃ دینا ضروری ہوگا یا اس کے لیے الگ سال گزرنا ضروری ہے زکوۃ کی مقدار کتنی ہے اگر سال گزرنے پر فورا زکوۃ نہ دی تو کیا گناہ گار ہوگا یا نہیں سائل : کبیر- )انگلینڈ( ا ل ج و اب بلع و لن الم لل لک الو ھ اب ا للہھ م اج ع ل للی الن و ر و الص و اب زکو ۃ کی فرضیت کی شرائط میں سے عاقل ہونا بالغ ہونا مسلمان ہونا آزادہونا اور بقدر نصاب مال نامی کا مالک ہونااور مال ہے قرض اور حاج لت اصلیہ سے فارغ ہونا اور اس پر سال کا گزرنا بھی شرط ہے جیساکہ ع لمہ ابو البرکات عبد للا بن احمد نسفی رحمۃ للا تعالی علیہ متوفی ۷۱۰ ھ فرماتے ہیں: شرط وجوبھا العقل والبلوغ واإلس لم والحریۃ وملک نصاب حولي فارغ عن الدین وحاجتہ األصلیۃ نام ولو تقدیرا )کنز الدقائق مع البحر الرائق کتاب الزکاۃ ج ۲ ص ۳۵۳ ۳۵۵ ( مالک ل نصاب ہونے سے مراد یہ ہے کہ اس شخص کے پاس ساڑھے سات تولے سونا یا ساڑھے باون تولے چاندی) grams ( یا اتنی مالیت کی رقم یا اتنی مالیت کا مال ل تجارت یا اتنی مالیت کا حاجا لت اصلیہ )یعنی ضروریا لت زندگی( سے زائد سامان ہو )کمافی بہا لر شریعت ج ۱ حص ہ ۵ ص ۹۰۲ تا ۹۰۵ ۹۲۸( نصاب کا مالک ہے مگر اس پر د ین )یعنی قرض( ہے کہ ادا کرنے کے بعد نصاب نہیں رہتی تو زکو ۃ واجب )یعنی فرض( نہیں کمافی المتون جو شخص مالک لنصاب ہے اگر درمیان سال میں کچھ اور مال ا سی جنس کا مل گیا تو الس نئے مال کا ج دا سال نہیں بلکہ جب پہلے مال کا سال ختم ہوگا اسی وقت اس مال کی زکوۃ بھی دینا ضروری ہوگا جیسا کہ بہارشریعت میں ہے : جو شخص مالک لنصاب ہے اگر درمیان سال میں کچھ اور مال ا سی جنس کا حاصل کیا تو الس نئے مال کا ج دا سال نہیں بلکہ پہلے مال کا خت لم سال الس کے لیے بھی سا لل تمام ہے اگرچہ سا لل تمام سے ایک ہی منٹ پہلے حاصل کیا ہو خواہ وہ مال ا س کے پہلے مال سے حاصل ہوا یا میراث وہبہ یا اور کسی جائز ذریعہ سے م ل ہو اور اگر دوسری جنس کا ہے مث ل پہلے ا س کے پاس اونٹ تھے اور اب بکریاں ملیں تو اس کے لیے جدید سال شمار ہوگا )بہارشریعت ج ۱ حصہ ۵ مسئلہ نمبر ۴۳ ص ۸۸۴ (
2 اور فرضیت زکوۃ کے لیے مال لنامی ہونا بھی ضروری ہے مال نامی کے معنی ہیں بڑھنے واالمال خواہ حقیقۃ بڑھے یا حکما اس کی 3 صورتیں ہیں: یہ بڑھناتجارت سے ہوگا یا ا فزائ لش نسل کے لئے جانوروں کو جنگل میں چھوڑ دینے سے ہوگا یا وہ مال خ ل لقی )یعنی پیدائشی(طور پر نامی ہوگا جیسے سونا چاندی وغیرہ تو اس سے معلوم ہوا کہ زکو ۃ تین قسم کے مال پر ہے )۱( سونا چاندی )کرنسی نوٹ بھی انہی کے حکم میں ہیں بشرطیکہ ان کارواج اور چلن ہو ( )۲( ما لل تجارت )۳( سائمہ یعنی چرائی پر چ ھوٹے جانور ( کما فی الفتاوی الھندیۃ کتاب الزکو ۃ الباب االول ج ۱ ص ۱۷۴ ( زکوۃ کی فرضیت کے لیے ان اموال پر سال گزرنا بھی شرط ہےجس تاریخ اوروقت پر آدمی صاح لب نصاب ہ وا جب تک نصا ب رہے وہی تاریخ اوروقت جب آئے گا ا سی منٹ سال مکمل ہوگا )ماخوذ از فتاوی رضویہ م خ ر ج ہ ج ۱۰ ص ۲۰۲ ( مث ل زید کے پاس ماہ ربیع االول کی 12 تاریخ یعنی عید می لدالنبی صلی للا تعال ی علیہ وا لہ وسلم کو لدن کے بارہ بجے ساڑھے سات تولہ سونا یا ساڑے باون تولے چاندی یا اس کی قیمت کے برابر رقم حاصل ہوئی یا مال تجارت حاصل ہوا تو سال گزرنے کے بعد عیدمی لدالنبی صلی للا تعالی علیہ وا لہ وسلم )۱۲ ربیع االول(کو دن کے 12 بجے اگر وہ نصاب کا بدستور مالک ہوا تواس مال کی زکو ۃ کی ادائیگی ا س پر فرض ہوگی اگر اب ب ل عذر شرعی ادائیگی میں تاخیر کرے گا توگناہ گار ہوگا )فتاوی رضویہ م خ ر ج ہ ج ۱۰ ص ۲۰۲ ( جیسا کہ فتاوی رضویہ میں ہے: حوال لن حول کے بعد ادائے زکو ۃ میں اص لتا خیر جائز نہیں جتنی دیر لگائے گا گنہ گار ہوگا زکوۃ کی مقدار: نصاب کا چالیسواں حصہ )یعنی %2.5( زکو ۃ کے طور پر دینا ہوگا )فتاو ی امجدیہ ج ۱ ص ۳۷۸( و للا ت ع الی ا ع ل م و ر س و ل ہ ا ع ل م ع ز و ج ل و ص ل ی ہ للا ت ع الی ع ل ی لہ و ا لل ہ و س ل م کتبہ ابو الحسن محمد قاسم ضیاء قادری Date:
3 MATTERS RELATED TO ZAKAAH QUESTION: الحمدہلل والصلوۃ والس لم علی رسول للا What do the scholars of the Din and muftis of the Sacred Law state regarding the following issue: upon whom is the Zakaat obligatory, please elucidate its conditions in detail along with the commodities on which the Zakaat is obligatory? If more wealth is added during the same year, will the Zakaat still be obligatory or is it necessary for another year to pass over it? What is the amount of Zakaat? Will one become a sinner by failing to pay Zakaat immediately after the year has passed? Questioner: A brother from England ANSWER: بسم للا الرحمن الرحیم الجواب بلع و لن الم لل لک الو ھاب اللھم ھدایۃ الح ق والصواب Conditions for the Zakaat to become obligatory are that the person is: Sane Mature Muslim Free In possession of the wealth of Nisab which must be over and above the necessities and debts Passing of a year over it is also a condition As Allamah Abul Barakaat Abdullah ibn Ahmed Nasafi (D. 710 A.H.) may Allah shower mercy upon him has stated: شرط وجوبھا العقل والبلوغ واإلس لم والحریۃ وملک نصاب حولي فارغ عن الدین وحاجتہ األصلیۃ نام ولو تقدیرا [Kanz al-daqāiq ma a al-bahr al-ra iq, Book of Zakah, Vol. 2, p ] The meaning of possessing the wealth of Nisab is that the person either owns 7.5 Tolas gold or 52.5 Tolas silver ( grams), or money equivalent to the value or business goods of the value or goods of that value aside from the necessities. [Bahare Shari at Vol. 1, Part 5, p ] If one possesses the Nisab but on the other hand, he is in great debt that will break the Nisab after its payment then Zakaat is not obligatory.
4 One who possesses the Nisab and then somewhere in the middle some more wealth of the same nature was added to it then the newly added value will not wait for a year but when the existing wealth will complete the cycle of a year the Zakaat of the added wealth will also be applicable at the same time. It has been stated in Bahare Shari at: The one who possesses the Nisab and then somewhere in the middle some more wealth of the same nature was added to it then the newly added value will not wait for a year but the completion of the existing wealth will be considered as the completion of newly added wealth to the yearly cycle, even if was added just a minute ago, whether it was earned through the existing wealth or received in inheritance or through any other lawful means but if it was of a different nature e.g. he previously owned camels and now he received goats then the entire new year will be applicable to it. [Bahare Shari at Vol. 1, Part 5, issue No. 43, p. 884] For the Zakaat to become obligatory on the wealth, that wealth has to be of a potentially growing nature, whether the growth is apparent or in essence; which is of three types: 1. The growth is earned through trade 2. Through breeding as it happens with the cattles 3. The wealth has the growing value in itself; such as gold and silver etc. From this, we come to know that Zakaat is on three types of commodities: 1. Gold and Silver (Currencies also fall in this category provided they have not been discontinued) 2. Business goods 3. Cattles [Al-Fatawa al-hindiyyah, Book of Zakaat Vol. 1, p. 174] It is also necessary for the yearly cycle to pass in order for the Zakaat to become obligatory on the wealth. The cycle of Nisab will start from that point of time and then for as long as the person remains as a possessor of Nisab, the Zakaat will continue to become obligatory at the very point of time where the cycle had begun. [Fatawah Ridawiyyah Vol. 10, p. 202]
5 For example, if Zaid received 7.5 Tolas gold or 52.5 Tolas silver, or money or business goods as their value at 12 pm on 12 Rabee al-awwal i.e. on Meeladun Nabi may Allah send peace and blessings upon him and maintains to keep the Nisab till the second year on the same time and date, the payment of its Zakaat will be obligatory upon him. If he delays in the payment without a valid Shar i excuse, he will become a sinner. [Fatawah Ridawiyyah Vol. 10, p. 202] As it has been mentioned in Fatawah Ridawiyyah that delaying after the yearly cycle is not permissible at all, he will become a sinner as he delays. للا تعالی اعلم ورسولہ اعلم صلی للا علیہ وآلہ وسلم کتبہ ابو الحسن محمد قاسم ضیاء قادری [Fatawa Amjadiyyah Vol. 1, p. 378] Answered by Mufti Qasim Zia al-qadri Translated by Musjidul Haq Research Department ( )
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